Effect of endosperm mutants on maize seed germination

The expression of genetic potential of yielding and quality of a certain genotype depends among other factors on seed quality. Seed is very important not only for the reproduction of the particular plant species, but also, for the contemporary plant production. Each part of maize seed (pericarp endosperm and germ) has a specific function in the complex process of germination and emergence. The following three genotypes of different endosperm types were observed: ZPSC 42A (standard grain quality dent hybrid) ZPSC 504 su (sweet maize hybrid with a sugary gene) and ZPSyn.II sh2 (synthetic population with a shranken2 gene). Seed viability of the stated genotypes was determined by the accepted ISTA methods: standard method accelerating age and cold test. Obtained results point out to differences in the germination capacity of the observed genotypes. The greatest reduction of the germination capacity and the emergence rate was expressed by the application of the accelerating ageing method. Appeared differences are probably a result of the endosperm texture (type), grain weight, sugar content and pericarp thickens and composition

Uticaj količine azota i vremena korišćenja na kvalitet stočnog kelja

A field study in central Srem (Serbia) evaluated during two seasons the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (50, 100 and 150 kgha-1) and harvest time (from 70 to 110 days after the seeding) on fodder kale quality. Fodder kale was sown as a second crop in the conditions of irrigation. The goal of study was to evaluate the most important parameters of fodder kale quality (raw proteins and raw cellulose) depending on different nitrogen fertilization and harvest time. The average crude protein content increased (20.78-22,85 %) and the crude cellulose content decreased (15.12-13,96 %) as the nitrogen rates increased, directly due to the higher adoption of nitrogen and indirectly, by increasing the proportion of leaf dry matter in the total yield. The plants used in the first time of harvest had the highest leaf proportion and the highest protein content. Such trends changed in the last harvest time (by postponing the usage) when the crude cellulose content increased because of the leaf biomass reduction. The highest crude protein content (23.10 %) and the lowest crude cellulose content (13.63 %) in the fodder kale dry matter were obtained in the first harvest time (70 days after the seeding) using the highest nitrogen rate (150 kgha-1).U radu su izneti dvogodišnji rezultati ispitivanja uticaja različitih količina azota (50, 100 i 150 kgha -1) kroz tri roka korišćenja (od 70 do 110 dana nakon setve) na sadržaj sirovih proteina i sadržaj sirove celuloze u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, gajenog kao postrni usev u centralnom Sremu, u uslovima navodnjavanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita način reagovanja stočnog kelja na različite količine azota u različitim rokovima korišćenja, izraženog preko najvažnijih parametara kvaliteta. Parametri kvaliteta značajno su se menjali u zavisnosti od ispitivanih faktora. Prosečan sadržaj sirovih proteina je rastao (20,78 - 22,85%), a sadržaj sirove celuloze opadao (15,12 - 13,96%) primenom većih količina azotnog đubriva, zbog direktnog uticaja na veće usvajanje azota i indirektno povećanjem udela lisne mase u ukupnom prinosu. Biljke korišćene u prvom roku imale su najveći udeo lišća i najveći sadržaj proteina. Takva kretanja su izmenjena u poslednjim rokovima (odlaganjem korišćenja) kada dolazi do povećanja sadržaja sirove celuloze, zbog smanjenja udela lisne mase. Najveći sadržaj sirovih proteina (24,10%) i najmanji sadržaj sirove celuloze (13,63%) u suvoj materiji stočnog kelja, utvrđeni su u prvom roku korišćenja (70 dana od setve) na varijanti sa primenom najveće količine azota (150 Kgha-1)

Životna sposobnost semena soje pri različitim uslovima testiranja

Seed vigour of four soybean genotypes was studied by a standard and the Cold test method on three soil types. A low temperature and worse substrates caused the reduction of germination, length of the hypocotyls, seedling primary roots and the emergence rate. Seed germination on sand under Cold test conditions was lower by 7-22% in addition to optimum conditions, depending on a genotype. Germination values were lower when the soil was used as a substrate (alongside of sand). The emergence rate was more affected by a substrate (sand and soil) than by temperatures. The initial growth intensity (determined over lengths of roots and hypocotyls) was significantly decreased under unfavourable temperature and the soil conditions. The chernozem was the most favourable, while the pseudogley was the most unfavourable type of soil. Seed vigour testing under optimum conditions provides the information on maximum possible germination and initial growth. Because of that, it is necessary to apply testing methods like field conditions, to get more reliable prognosis about the initial plants growth and development.Ispitivana je životna sposobnost semena četiri genotipa soje, standardnom i Cold test metodom na tri tipa zemljišta. Niska temperatura i nepovoljniji substrat su uticali na smanjenje nicanja, dužine hipokotila i primarnog korena i brzinu nicanja. U zavisnosti od genotipa, nicanje u pesku u uslovima Cold testa bilo je niže za 7-22% u odnosu na optimalne uslove. Nicanje je bilo slabije kada je kao substrat korišćeno zemljište (u odnosu na pesak). Na brzinu nicanja je više uticao substrat nego temperatura. Intenzitet početnog rasta (određen preko dužine korena i hiopkotila) se značajno smanjio u nepovoljnim uslovima temperature i zemljišta. Černozem je bio najpovoljniji a pseudoglej najnepovoljniji tip zemljišta. Testiranje životne sposobnosti semena u optimalnim uslovima daje informacije o maksimalno mogućoj klijavosti i početnog rasta. Zbog toga je neophodno primeniti metode testiranja približne poljskim uslovim, da bi prognoza o početnom rastu i razviću biljaka bila pouzdanija

Uticaj načina žetve i dorade na životnu sposobnost semena soje

Organic viability of soybean seed for three soybean varieties - elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 and Nena) depending on methods of manipulation with seeds during harvesting and processing phase were determined in this paper. Trial was conducted in Zemun Polje during 1999; manual and mechanized harvesting or processing methods were applied. Seed germination was tested using ISTA methods (Standard method and Cold test). Following parameters were evaluated: germination viability, germination, rate-speed of emergence, length of hypocotile and main root Rate-speed of emergence was based on number of emerged plants per day. Length of hypocotile or root and percent of germination determined vigour index. Based on obtained results it maybe concluded that methods of seed manipulation during harvesting or processing phase were influenced on soybean seed quality parameters evaluated. Ways of seed manipulation - methods evaluated were influenced organic viability of soybean seed by decreasing germination viability, total germination and length of main root.U radu je ispitivana životna sposobnost semena tri sorte soje-elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 i Nena) u zavisnosti od načina manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade. Seme je proizvedeno u Zemun Polju u 1999. godini, a žetva i dorada su obavljene ručno i mašinski. Za ispitivanje klijavosti korišćene su ISTA metode (standardna i Cold test). Ispitivani su sledeći parametri: energija klijanja, klijavost, brzina nicanja, dužina bipokotila i primarnog korena. Krzina nicanja utvrđena je na osnovu broja izniklih biljaka po danu. Indeks vigoroznosti je determinisan na osnovu dužine hipokotila i korena i procenat klijavosti. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su načini manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade uticali na ispitivane parametre kvaliteta semena soje. Načini manipulisanja semenom i metode ispitivanja uticali su na životnu sposobnost semena soje smanjivanjem urednosti energije klijanja, klijavosti i dužine primarnog korena

Uticaj hibrida krmnog sirka na prinos zelene krme

Forage Sorghum is an annual herbaceous plant of the family grass. It is grown for feeding animals and people, and ranks among the millet grains. I disorders, sorghum is used as hay and to extract the starch, alcohol and glucose. Purpose of our paper is to determine which of the forage sorghum hybrids, among foreign selections, gives the best production results in the specific agroecological conditions on PSS Sremska Mitrovica experimental field and what are the possibilities of its use in our country. Five intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) and two intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) were analyzed in this paper. The difference in yield between the H7 hybrid that had the highest yield and H5 runner-hybrid was even 19 t ha-1, which indicates exceptionally high yield potential of H7 hybrid in biomass production. In specific agroecological conditions H7 hybrid gave the 96 t ha-1 of green fodder and 25.2 t ha-1 of dry matter.Po obimu proizvodnje sirak zauzima u svetu peto mesto među najvažnijim žitaricama, posle pšenice, pirinča, kukuruza i ječma. Značaj ove biljne vrste ogleda se u velikom broju mogućnosti njegove upotrebe, počev od ljudske ishrane, ishrane stoke, industijske prerade i proizvodnje energije. U našoj zemlji se malo gaji, površine se kreću u proseku oko 2.200 ha. Sirak će teško postati konkurencija kukuruzu iako su prinosi zelene krme veći nego kod kukuruza, mada nešto manjeg, ali sasvim zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta. Prinosi zelene mase krmnog sirka kreću se od 40-50 t ha-1, u lošijim proizvodnim godinama, pa do 110-130 t ha-1 u navodnjavanju ili u povoljnim godinama. Cilj našeg rada bio je da ustanovimo koji od hibrida krmnog sirka, iz palete stranih selekcija, daje najbolje proizvodne rezultate u konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima na oglednom polju PSS 'Sremska Mitrovica' i koje su mogućnosti korišćenja njegovog gajenja kod nas. U ovom radu ispitivano je pet intraspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) i dva interspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense). Tokom ispitivanja utvrđeni su: broj biljaka po hektaru, prosečna visina biljaka, prinos zelene krme i prinos suve materije za svaki od hibrida. Prinos suve materije po hektaru značajan je više sa aspekta proizvodnje biogasa, sa kojom stoji u pozitivnoj korelaciji. Prinos zelene krme bio je u korelaciji sa visinom biljaka i bio je veći kod intraspecies hibrida (H7, H5, H3 i H4), dok su najmanje prinose imali interspecies hibridi (H1 i H2). Razlika u prinosu između najprinosnijeg hibrida H7 i drugorangiranog H5 iznosi čak 19 t ha-1, što ukazuje na izuzetno visok potencijal rodnosti hibrida H7 u proizvodnji biomase. Kada je u pitanju visina biljaka, najviši i najrobusniji su hibridi čistog sirka, dok su H1 i H2 nešto niži, jer im je linija oca poreklom sudanska trava, pa su genetski predodređeni za manji porast u visinu. U konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja, hibrid H7 dao je 96 t ha-1 zelene krme, odnosno 25,2 t ha-1 suve materije

Prinos NS hibrida kukuruza različitih grupa zrenja u odnosu na gustinu setve

In the present study, the grain yield of maize hybrids from different maturity groups at different crop density. Research were carried out 2012 on the site of Sremska Mitrovica. Observed hybrids are characterized by a high genetic potential for yield and belong to different groups (FAO 400, 500 and 600). The difference in yields between maturity groups were statistically significant. The highest average yield was produced by FAO 500. The highest yields were obtained using FAO 600 and NS FAO 500 (6120 kg ha-1, 6030 kg ha-1) at medium density crop of 64 935 plants per hectare. Effect of plant density, unfavorable weather conditions in the year, was such that the average yield of maize increased to medium densities, after which there was a decrease in yield.U radu je proučavan prinos zrna kukuruza kod NS hibrida različitih grupa zrenja pri različitim gustinama useva. Ispitivanja su vršena 2012. godine, na lokalitetu Sremska Mitrovica. Posmatrani hibridi kukuruza odlikuju se visokim genetskim potencijalom rodnosti i pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (FAO 400, 500 i 600). Razlike u prinosima između grupa zrenja bile su statistički značajne. Najveći prosečan prinos zrna ostvario je hibrid FAO 500. Najveći prinosi ostvareni su sa hibridima FAO 600 i FAO 500 (6120 kgha-1, 6030 kgha-1) pri srednjoj gustini od 64 935 biljaka po hektaru. Efekat gustine useva, u klimatski nepovoljnoj godini, bio je takav da su prosečni prinosi zrna hibrida kukuruza rasli do srednje ispitivane gustine, nakon čega je došlo do smanjenja prinosa

Termodinamička karakterizacija klijanaca pšenice poreklom iz semena sa različitih parcela

Wheat germination could be affected by different factors, including location. Start growth of seedlings present the energy transformations and the seed substance conversion. The aim of the experiment was to examine differences in germination and growth of wheat seedlings, originating from five fields with similar characteristics, with application of thermodynamic parameters of free energy and entropy. Variations in energy and total germination of wheat seed was under 10%. After eight days of germination testing, the relation between root and shoot at level of fresh and dry matter was 1:1, while only at seedlings from one field it was 1:2 in fresh and 1.5:1 in dry matter. The present differences could be the consequence of the different energy using in seedling. Hydrolysis intensification based on spontaneous reactions and increased order in four days old seedlings could result in increased germination. On the other hand, variations in energetic potential, order degree and hydrolysis of seed substance may not take off biosynthetic reactions in root and shoot. Present data towards that variation in growth of seedlings originating from seeds from different fields could be mainly connected to variations in energy potential inputted by water, but not by synthesized substance. Minimal differences between the individual fields could affect quality of the produced seed material, what was particularly underlined by application of thermodynamic parameters as quality indicators.Brojni faktori utiču na klijavost semena pšenice, među koje spada i lokacija. Početni rast klijanaca predstavlja rezultat energetskih transformacija i konverzije semene supstance. Cilj ogleda je bio da se ispitaju razlike u klijavosti i razvoju klijanaca pšenice poreklom iz semena dobijenog sa pet različitih parcela (koje imaju slične osobine), uz primenu termodinamičkih parametara slobodne energije i entropije. Variranje u energiji klijanja i ukupnoj klijavosti semena pšenice nije bilo veće od 10%. Nakon osam dana od početka testiranja klijavosti kod većine klijanaca je odnos između korena i izdanka na nivou sveže i suve materije bio 1:1, dok je jedino kod klijanaca poreklom iz semena samo sa jedne parcele ovaj odnos na nivou sveže materije bio skoro 1:2, a na nivou suve materije 1,5:1. Navedene razlike mogu biti posledica različitog iskorišćenja energije od strane samog klijanca. Intenziviranje hidrolize, na bazi spontanih reakcija, kao i povećane uređenosti kod klijanaca starih četiri dana bi moglo da rezultira nešto većom ukupnom klijavošću. Sa druge strane, variranja u energetskom potencijalu, stepenu uređenosti sistema i hidrolizi semene supstance ne moraju da se odraze i na biosintetske reakcije u korenu i izdanku. Navedeni podaci upućuju da su variranja u rastu klijanaca poreklom iz semena sa različitih parcela uglavnom vezana za variranja energetskog potencijala koji je unet sa vodom, a ne i sintetisane supstance klijanaca. Minimalne razlike između pojedinačnih parcela mogu uticati na kvalitet proizvedenog semenskog materijala, što je posebno naglašeno primenom termodinamičkih parametra, kao pokazatelja kvaliteta

Uticaj boje semenjače na kvalitet semena i početni porast klijanaca sorata crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense)

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of seed coat colour on the seed quality of four red clover cultivars (germination, dormancy (hard seeds), dead seeds and initial seedling growth (vigour)) produced in Serbia over a period of two years. The seeds analyzed were first separated visually into bright, dark and mixed seed groups, followed by subsequent digital colour measurements. The results obtained showed that the seed coat colour of red clover could be considered a good indicator of seed quality and seedling growth ability. The results furthermore showed that bright-coloured seeds of red clover cultivars indicated increased vigour and seed quality compared to other colours. The impact of the production area and year on the seed quality parameters was inconclusive. A high variability in hard (CV = 22.22 %) and dead seeds (CV = 40.18 %) was recorded between different seed lots of red clover. A lower variability was found in the germination parameter of bright- and mixed-coloured seeds (CV = 4.53 % and CV = 8.53 %). The seed coat colour could be an important factor in determining the quality of red clover seeds, potentially increasing germination simply by removing dark-coloured seeds.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj boje semena četiri sorte crvene deteline proizvedene u Srbiji tokom dve godine na njihov kvalitet (klijanje, dormantnost (tvrdo seme), mrtvo seme i početni porast klijanaca (vigor)). U ovom istraživanju su prvo vizuelno razdvojena semena po boji, a zatim su razdvojena digitalnim kolor separatorom na svetla, tamna i mešovita. Rezultati su pokazali da boja semena crvene deteline može biti dobar pokazatelj kvaliteta semena i početnog porasta klijanaca. Rezultati su pokazali da su svetlo obojena semena sorte crvene deteline imala snažniji vigor i bolji kvalitet od drugih boja. Nije bilo jasnog zaključka o uticaju regiona i godine na praćene parametre kvaliteta semena. Zabeležena je visoka varijabilnost za tvrda (CV = 22,22%) i mrtva semena (CV = 40,18%) sorti crvene deteline. Za klijanje je zabeležena manja varijabilnost svetlih i mešovitih semena (CV = 4,53% i CV = 8,53%). Boja semena može biti značajan faktor kvaliteta semena crvene deteline i zbog toga je moguće povećati klijavost uklanjanjem tamno obojenih semena

Uticaj ekoloških faktora na kvalitet semena Carum carvi L. var. annum

Field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons with annual caraway, at three localities, in order to determine the effect of different environmental conditions on the quality of seed as reproductive material. During the experiment, it was found that the quality of caraway seed was significantly lower in the hotter and drier year in comparison to the year with moderate conditions. Unfavourable weather conditions caused premature ripening and consequently thousand seed weight was low and lower amounts of essential oils were stored in the seed. By applying the linear regressions method it was established that the total variability of both thousand seed weight and the amount of essential oil per seed were due to its association with harvest index. Because of better characteristics of seed during the moderate year, the germination energy and total germination were significantly higher, and reproductive material was of good quality.Poljski ogled izveden tokom dve godine sa jednogodišnjim kimom na tri lokaliteta imao je za cilj determinaciju uticaja različitih ekoloških uslova na kvalitet semenskog materijala ove biljke. Utvrđeno je da je kvalitet semena kima značajno lošiji u godini koja je bila sušna i praćena visokim temperaturama u poređenju sa godinom sa umerenim vrednostima klimatskih parametara. Nepovoljni vremenski uslovi uzrokovali su prevremeno zrenje i kao posledica toga došlo je do obrazovanja male mase hiljadu semena i akumulacije manje količine etarskog ulja u semenu. Primenom modela linearne regresije ustanovljeno je da su varijabilnost mase hiljadu semena i količina etarskog ulja u semenu u direktnoj vezi sa žetvenim indeksom. Zbog boljih karakteristika semena formiranog u uslovima umerene godine, energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost su značajno veće, što je dovelo do toga da reproduktivni materijal iz te godine ima bolji kvalitet

Kvantitativno određivanje masenog defekta semena tokom klijanja, 1 - dnevna dinamika neto dodatne slobodne energije

A dynamics of seed mass defect and a previous process of the water input during germination was determined by a trial with five soybean cultivars and four sunflower hybrids, following the ISTA Rules. It was noticed that leaching, which led to the mass defect (smDef), was permanent during 8 and 10 days of soybean and sunflower germination, respectively. The two confronted processes, the liquid input and the solid output, could be operable at the level of a thermodynamic parameter of Gibbs free energy (G), i.e. net supplemental free energy (netGspl). Hence, this type of free energy - net supplement, differentiates in two examined plant species (between the first and the last day of germination): soybean in a range from -53.23 to -69.82 J mol-1 seedling-1 and sunflower from -46.35 to -91.94 J mol-1 seedling-1. Furthermore, the daily change of net supplemental energy underlined the three points ingenotypes of both species: after the first, before the last day of germination and in the maximum (-67.50 and -75.25 J mol-1 seedling-1 in soybean, then, -94.97 and -103.79 J mol-1 seedling-1 in sunflower) between the 4th and the 7th day of germination depending on a genotype.U ovom radu izneta su kvantitativna određivanja dinamike gubitka mase semena tokom klijanja kod pet sorti soje i četiri hibrida suncokreta po ISTA pravilima. Kako je metoda određivanja masenog defekta semena davala i dinamiku usvajanja vode, ta dva podatka prevedena u Gibsovu slobodnu energiju omogućila su operaciju sa dva suprotstavljena procesa: usvajanja tečne i ispuštanja čvrste supstance, koje su oduzimanjem dale neto energiju unetu u sistem seme-klijanac. Pokazalo se da neto, dopunska slobodna energija u opsegu od -53.23 do -69.82 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za soju (od prvog do osmog dana) i od -46.35 do -91.94 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za suncokret (od prvog do desetog dana), daje razliku između dve ispitivane vrste. Dalje, dnevna promena neto, dodatne energije razdvaja genotipove kod obe biljne vrste u tri tačke: posle prvog dana, pre zadnjeg dana i maksimum (-67.50 i -75.25 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za soju, a -94.97 i -103.79 J mol-1 klijanac-1 za suncokret), između četvrtog i sedmog dana, što zavisi od genotipa